Step 3. - electrons phase change

Although well known in vacuum tube technology, the space charge effect has not a well defined theory, because the formation of a stable space charge is supposed to be prevented by the Coulombian forces between electrons. But it has been discovered experimentally that the repulsion force can be screened by a vacuum polarization generated by the formation-annihilation of virtual charges pairs as a consequence of quantum fluctuations predicted by Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

The lifetime of such particle-antiparticle couples is inversely proportional to their mass-energy, but during their short existence may act as the charges in the solid dielectric of a capacitor.

The concept of electron phase change and electron cluster formation in phase relate to the behavior of electrons under specific conditions that allow access to vacuum energy. Dr. Rossi states that the vacuum reaction produces energy when electrons in phase transfer energy to electrons not in phase.