Step2. dV/dt

The vaccum tube is the heart of the E-Cat. It can be seen as an entropic pump, wherein point zero energy (foreseen by the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg) subject to dV/dt with high dV, causes increase of the Zitterbewegung of electrons and the Aharonov-Bohm effect, that causes electrons phase change, that causes formation of clusters of electrons in phase, that causes minor entropy, thermal capacity and freedom degrees, that result in transfer of energy to electrons not in phase, causing a gain of energy.

A high voltage generator powers an electron gun. Electron bursts by high frequency switching are short and sharp (high dV/dt). A cluster of coherent in-phase electrons with almost identical lifetimes is generated.

The cluster lifetime should be greater than the time it takes to fly to the anode without dissipation. The time of rapid change dt should be commensurate with the relaxation time of quantum vacuum fluctuations. Rapid potential changes due to dV/dt affect only light and fast particles such as electrons.